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Bono - Paul Hewson

Bono
(L) and US actor and director Sean
Penn, holding a cigarette, pose as they arrive
for the screening of Australian director Alison Thomson's
film 'Third Wave' at the 61st Cannes International
Film Festival on May 16, 2008 in Cannes, southern
France. The May 14-25 festival winds up with the awards
ceremony for the prestigious Palme d'Or, to be determined
by a jury headed by Penn.
News
Article
Will
the real Paul Hewson stand up - 23rd December 2010
Most folks know the U2 frontman as Bono, but a growing
number of politicians the world over know him as Paul
Hewson, quite a pain in the rear end for many.
Bono
by all accounts is the person many of us would like
to be, but we're not quite as vocally and musically
talented as the man.
Down
under here in Sydney where Bono and the band recently
wowed em, one or two Australian politicians have appeared
to raise the ire of the Irish bred chosen one.
Cafes
and watercooler across our great national are abuzz
who Bono gave the finger to. Was is for the usual
suspects - the paparazzi, or was it a message he choose
to convey via news media and "people power"
to one or two Australian politicians who are severely
out of favor (and chances) with the Australian public.
I don't know about you, but I strongly suspect that
it was Australian Foreign Affairs Minister, Kevin
Rudd that asked for a face to face with Bono, not
the other way around. Didn't anyone warn Bono of Rudd's
very public falling off a high pedestal known as Aussie
P.M, less than six months ago. Maybe the muso felt
comparison for Rudd, given that he pretty much politically
butchered within an inch of his life by his own team.
Over
the years U2 has enjoyed quite the love - hate relationship
with the media, with Rolling Stone Magazine generally
being very good to the group, and only a couple of
days ago Bono got his own article published in the
Rupert Murdoch owned Aussie newspaper, The Daily Telegraph,
penning 'When love comes to town: An Australian Romance'.
It's
worth noting that Bono has previously gone on record
(with Rolling Stone Magazine we understand) "I
have very sensitive eyes to light. If somebody takes
my photograph, I will see the flash for the rest of
the day. My right eye swells up. I've a blockage there,
so that my eyes go red a lot. So it's part vanity,
it's part privy and part sensitivity". Bono is
also quite sensitive to people in public office who
spin yarns to the the people they are supposed to
be serving.
It's
widely understood that Bono coined the phrase "the
currency of celebrity", and Bono looks to be
cashing in, and why the heck not.
What
do we find so appealing about this rock god come humanitarian?
Ok, there's the obvious - his genius song writing
and performing, but over the years he's been rapidly
building his fan base for his off stage performances,
sometimes telling 'Big Brother' polies where to go,
with a certain amount of diplomacy. God, you would
have liked to be a fly on the wall when he's enjoyed
his friendly chats with the likes of George W and
more recently, K Rudd (shown to be condescending to
the B-man, no less). Ruddy, those Wikipedia wires
gave a behavior analysis account of you (as well as
those of a pandora's box of other polies the world
over). "Water off a ducks back" hey. Who
was the goose that failed to deliver golden eggs and
a left a swag of broken promises.
One
of Bono's pet hates is the tendency of diplomats and
supposed "world leaders" and "super
powers" to continually bend and break promises,
and sometimes outright lie to the people.
Let's
take a look at some of U2's songs and in particular
some lyrics, to see what tree Bono is barking up....and
note the strong political, religious and social themes...
Classic
number "I still haven't found what I'm looking
for" resonates for many of us. Why, because we
can relate, and he shouts it out on a world stage
- what many of us feel. Maybe Julian Assange's Wikileaks
might help him just a tad to find what it is that
he's actually looking for, but rest assured its not
a new band or mic. He's been blessed from above and
clearly knows it.
'Sunday
Bloody Sunday' is rated by critics as one of the greatest
political songs of all time.
Drummer
Mullen said of the song in 1983: "We're into
the politics of people, we're not into politics. Like
you talk about Northern Ireland, 'Sunday Bloody Sunday,'
people sort of think, 'Oh, that time when 13 Catholics
were shot by British soldiers'; that's not what the
song is about. That's an incident, the most famous
incident in Northern Ireland and it's the strongest
way of saying, 'How long? How long do we have to put
up with this?' I don't care who's who - Catholics,
Protestants, whatever. You know people are dying every
single day through bitterness and hate, and we're
saying why? What's the point? And you can move that
into places like El Salvador and other similar situations
- people dying. Let's forget the politics, let's stop
shooting each other and sit around the table and talk
about it... There are a lot of bands taking sides
saying politics is crap, etc. Well, so what! The real
battle is people dying, that's the real battle."
In a 1986 interview with Rolling Stone magazine, Bono
explained that he was motivated to become involved
in social and political causes by seeing one of the
Secret Policeman's Ball benefit shows, staged by John
Cleese and producer Martin Lewis for the human-rights
organisation Amnesty International in 1979. "I
saw 'The Secret Policemans Ball' and it became
a part of me. It sowed a seed..." In 2001, Bono
arranged for U2 to videotape a special live performance
for that year's Amnesty benefit show. Bono and U2
performed on Amnesty's Conspiracy Of Hope tour of
the United States in 1986 alongside Sting. U2 also
performed in the Band Aid and Live Aid projects, organised
by Bob Geldof. In 1984, Bono sang on the Band Aid
single "Do They Know it's Christmas? - Feed the
World" (a role that was reprised on the 2004
Band Aid 20 single of the same name). Bono later went
on to say that it was one of the worse Christmas songs
ever. Geldof and Bono later collaborated to organise
the 2005 Live 8 project, where U2 also performed,
once again making history and redefining the impact
of performing artists.
U2's
people power concerts and mega happenings frequently
go beyond the normal realm of what a performance is
all about. The man becomes one with the music.
I
recently learned that Bono helped support and promote
the humanitarian efforts of noted Australian aid worker
and ex military man, Donny Paterson - part of the
inner circle of our friends at the Media Man agency.
I was pleased to hear this, but not surprised, as
the agency tends to surround themselves with some
absolute gems of people. Trust them to find their
own Aussie version of Bono ...ok, he doesn't sing
as good as Paul, but he works just as hard, if not
harder, and you must check out a doco that features
Paterson and friends 'The Third Wave', in its raw
and honest account of what happens when a tsunami
wipes out a country already in ruins.
One
feels that Bono has been jaded somewhat by the media
and "celeb thing" over the years, but a
number of his quotes always reassure us that he still
has time for good people and worthy causes. If you
even need a bit of a pick me up, check out and remind
yourself of gems like "Music can change the world
because it can change people" and "My heroes
are the ones who survived doing it wrong, who made
mistakes, but recovered from them", "the
less you know, the more you believe" and on the
all important subject of human rights - "So what
we're talking about here is human rights. The right
to live like a human. The right to live, period. And
what we're facing in Africa is an unprecedented threat
to human dignity and equality".
Some
comparisons can be made, or rather more to the point,
could previously be made to Australian Minister For
The Arts and former frontman for Midnight Oil, Peter
Garrett. On the wild arm flinging and pen pushing
one, Bono said of him "his moral compass was
setting a course even back then" (circa 1980s).
Both gents had power, passion and wisdom, but in recent
years many Aussies feel that Garrett got distracted,
if not sabotaged, upon joining the ALP. A stint in
the ALP will do a person). We can perhaps only hope
that Bono doesn't become a MP in the Irish equivalent
of the Labor Party, but Bono, if you must enter politics
in your homeland, please make it the equivalent on
The Greens - anything else would be a crime.
Its
little wonder that TV talkshow queen Oprah Winfrey
has extended the olive tree to Bono and offered him
the opportunity to host his own talk show on the newly
formed OWN (Oprah Winfrey Network). O has talked of
OWN being the outlet that she always dreamed off,
and clearly Bono is in her dream. As to if that dream
is reciprocated or not, will be playing out in the
news over the coming weeks or months, but eventually
Bono will have to give an answer, and most of the
people want it to be a "Yes".
Back
to Bono giving the finger to the camera. Perhaps this
may shed some light on it, before I might manage to
confront him about it sometime, in that seemingly
unlikely event.
"I
know I can be a pain in the arse. I have an annoying
gene; it's in my DNA. I even annoy myself. When righteous
anger turns to self-righteous, projectile vomit is
the right response. All I can say is that you can
become traumatised as well as inspired by the lives
you meet along the dirt road of extreme poverty. Watching
the bright light of life go out of some kids' eyes
gets me to a place I can't explain. Sometimes I forget
that I'm an artist - but I shouldn't, because that's
what I am, a working pop artist in a big F-Off rock
band".
Maybe
Bono had a brain snap and just wanted to show his
very human side, and remind us that he's a rock star
with attitude, and perhaps also he thought it might
be good for one more news item from an up and coming
freelance writer. In that instance, he was right,
as is often the case, and its my human right to speculate,
and yours - the reader, to critique.
Bio
Paul
David Hewson (born 10 May 1960), also known by his
stage name Bono, is the main vocalist of the Irish
rock band U2. Bono was born and raised in Dublin,
Ireland, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School
where he met his wife, Ali Hewson, and the future
members of U2. Since that time he has been referred
to as Bono, his stage and nickname, by his family
and fellow band members. Bono writes almost all U2
lyrics, often using political, social and religious
themes. During their early years, Bono's lyrics contributed
to U2's rebellious tone. As the band matured, his
lyrics became inspired more by personal experiences
with members of U2.
Among
his non-U2 endeavors, he has collaborated and recorded
with numerous artists, sits on the board of Elevation
Partners and has refurbished and now owns a hotel
with fellow band member, The Edge. Bono is also widely
known for his activism concerning Africa, for which
he co-founded DATA. He has organized and played in
several benefit concerts and has met with influential
politicians. He is the co-founder of EDUN, the ONE
Campaign and Product Red. Bono has been praised and
criticized for his activism and involvement with U2.
Bono has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize,
was granted an honorary knighthood by the United Kingdom,
and was named as a Person of the Year by Time, among
many other awards and nominations.
U2
On
25 September 1976, Bono, David Evans ("The Edge"),
his brother Dik, and Adam Clayton responded to an
advertisement on a bulletin board at Mount Temple
posted by fellow student Larry Mullen Jr. to form
a rock band. The band had occasional sessions in which
they did covers. Bono wanted to play Rolling Stones
and The Beach Boys songs; he was tired of long guitar
solos and hard rock. Unfortunately, the band couldn't
play covers very well, so they started writing their
own songs. In 1977, they started listening to The
Ramones, The Clash, David Bowie, Patti Smith and Tom
Verlaine and incorporating influences from those bands
into their music.
Their
band went by the name "Feedback" for a few
months, changing to "The Hype" later on.
After Dik Evans left the group to join another local
band, the Virgin Prunes, the remaining four officially
changed the name from "The Hype" to "U2".
Initially, Bono sang, played guitar, and wrote the
band's songs. He said of his early guitar playing
in a 1982 interview, "When we started out I was
the guitar player, along with the Edge - except I
couldn't play guitar. I still can't. I was such a
lousy guitar player that one day they broke it to
me that maybe I should sing instead. I had tried before,
but I had no voice at all. I remember the day I found
I could sing. I said, 'Oh, that's how you do it.'"
When The Edge's guitar playing improved, Bono was
relegated mostly to the microphone, although he occasionally
still plays rhythm guitar and harmonica. Bono has
recently taken piano lessons from his children's piano
teacher.
Bono
writes the lyrics for almost all U2 songs, often rich
in social and political themes. His lyrics frequently
allude to a religious connection or meaning, evident
in songs such as "Gloria" from the band's
album October and "I Still Haven't Found What
I'm Looking For", from The Joshua Tree album.
During the band's early years, Bono was known for
his rebellious tone which turned to political anger
and rage during the band's War, The Joshua Tree and
Rattle and Hum eras. Following the Enniskillen bombing
that left 11 dead and 63 injured on 8 November 1987,
the Provisional IRA paramilitaries threatened to kidnap
Bono. IRA supporters also attacked a vehicle carrying
the band members. These acts were in response to his
speech condemning the Remembrance Day Bombing during
a live performance of "Sunday Bloody Sunday".
The singer had been advised to cut his on-stage outburst
from the Rattle and Hum film, but it was left in.
U2's
sound and focus dramatically changed with their next
album, Achtung Baby. Bono's lyrics became more personal,
inspired by experiences related to the private lives
of the members of the band. During the band's Zoo
TV Tour several of his stage personas were showcased;
these included "The Fly", a stereotypical
rock star, the "Mirror Ball Man", a parody
of American televangelists, and "Mr. MacPhisto",
a combination of a corrupted rock star and the Devil.]
During
performances he attempts to interact with the crowd
as often as possible and is known for pulling audience
members onto the stage or moving himself down to the
physical level of the audience. This has happened
on several occasions including at the Live Aid concert
in 1985 where he leapt off the stage, over a security
barricade to the floor of the arena, and pulled a
woman from the crowd to dance with her as the band
played "Bad", and in 2005 during U2's Vertigo
Tour stop in Chicago, where he pulled a boy onto the
stage during the song "An Cat Dubh / Into the
Heart".
Bono
has won numerous awards with U2, including 22 Grammy
awards and the 2003 Golden Globe award for best original
song, "The Hands That Built America" for
the film Gangs of New York. During the live broadcast
of the ceremony, Bono called the award "really,
really fucking brilliant!" In response, the Parents
Television Council condemned Bono for his profanity
and started a campaign for its members to file complaints
with the FCC. Although Bono's use of "fuck"
violated FCC indecency standards, the FCC refused
to fine NBC because the network did not receive advance
notice of the consequences of broadcasting such profanity
and the profanity in question was not used in its
literal sexual meaning.
In
2005, the U2 band members were inducted into the Rock
and Roll Hall of Fame, in their first year of eligibility.
Bono
and his bandmates were criticized in 2007 for moving
part of their multi-million euro song catalogue from
Ireland to Amsterdam six months before Ireland ended
a tax exemption on musicians' royalties. Under Dutch
tax law, bands are subject to low to non-existent
tax rates. U2's manager, Paul McGuinness, stated that
the arrangement is legal and customary and businesses
often seek to minimize their tax burdens. The move
prompted criticisms in the Oireachtas (Irish parliament).
Other
endeavours
In
addition to his work with U2, he has collaborated
with Zucchero, Frank Sinatra, Johnny Cash, Willie
Nelson, Luciano Pavarotti, Sinéad O'Connor,
Green Day, Roy Orbison, Bob Dylan, Tina Turner, and
BB King. He has recorded with Ray Charles, Quincy
Jones, Bruce Springsteen, Tony Bennett, Clannad, The
Corrs, and Wyclef Jean, as well as reportedly completing
an unreleased duet with Jennifer Lopez. On Robbie
Robertson's 1987 eponymous album, he plays bass guitar
and vocals. On Michael Hutchence's 1999 posthumous
eponymous album Bono completed a recording of Slide
Away as a duet with Hutchence.
In
1992, together with The Edge, Bono bought and refurbished
Dublin's two-star 70-bedroom Clarence Hotel and converted
it into a five-star 49-bedroom hotel. The Edge and
Bono have also recorded several songs together, exclusive
of the band. They have also been working on penning
the score for the upcoming Spider-Man Musical. Bono
is on the board of the Elevation Partners private-equity
firm, which attempted to purchase Eidos Interactive
in 2005 and has since gone on to invest in other entertainment
businesses. Bono is a known Celtic F.C. fan, and in
1998 it was rumoured that Bono was going to buy shares
in the Scottish club. However, it was reported on
28 April 1998 that this was not the case with Bono
saying "it's rubbish. I've been to a couple of
games and I'm a fan, but I've got no financial connections."
In
May 2007, MTV reported that Bono is working on a collection
of poetry entitled "Third Rail". Bono said
the poetry is inspired by rock music. The book's foreword
gives detail of the meanings of the poetry, saying
"The poets who fill the pews here have come to
testify, to bear witness to the mysterious power of
rock and roll...Rock and roll is truly a broad church,
but each lights a candle to their vision of what it
is." The collection, which is edited by poet
Jonathan Wells, contains titles such as "Punk
Rock You're My Big Crybaby," "Variation
on a Theme by Whitesnake" and "Vince Neil
Meets Josh in a Chinese Restaurant in Malibu (After
Ezra Pound)."[56] Bono has invested in the Forbes
Media group in the US through his private equity investment
firm Elevation Partners. Elevation Partners became
the first outsider to invest in the company, taking
a minority stake in Forbes Media LLC, a new company
encompassing the 89-year-old business which includes
Forbes magazine, the Forbes.com website and other
assets. The terms of the deal were not disclosed,
but reports said the stake was worth about €194
million ($250m).
In
film, Bono has played the character of "Dr. Robert",
an anti-war shaman, in the musical, Across the Universe..
Also in this movie, he sang the Beatles songs "I
am the Walrus" and "Lucy in the Sky with
Diamonds". Bono's other acting credits include
cameos in 1999's Entropy and 2000's Million Dollar
Hotel. In 2000 he acted as himself in the short film
Sightings of Bono, adapted from a short story by Irish
writer Gerard Beirne.
Humanitarian work
Bono
has become one of the world's best-known philanthropic
performers. He has been dubbed, "the face of
fusion philanthropy", both for his success enlisting
powerful allies from a diverse spectrum of leaders
in government, religious institutions, philanthropic
organizations, popular media, and the business world,
as well as for spearheading new organizational networks
binding global humanitarian relief with geopolitical
activism and corporate commercial enterprise.
In
a 1986 interview with Rolling Stone magazine Bono
explained that he was motivated to become involved
in social and political causes by seeing one of the
benefit shows staged by John Cleese and producer Martin
Lewis for the human-rights organization Amnesty International
in 1979. In 2001 Bono arranged for U2 to videotape
a special live performance for that year's Amnesty
benefit show. Introducing the performance, Bono referred
to The Secret Policeman's Ball as "a mysterious
and extraordinary event that certainly changed my
life..."
Bono
and U2 performed on Amnesty's Conspiracy Of Hope tour
of the United States in 1986 alongside Sting. U2 also
performed in the Band Aid and Live Aid projects, organized
by Bob Geldof. In 1984, Bono sang on the Band Aid
single "Do They Know it's Christmas?/Feed the
World" (a role that was reprised on the 2004
Band Aid 20 single of the same name). Geldof and Bono
later collaborated to organize the 2005 Live 8 project,
where U2 also performed.
Since
1999, Bono has become increasingly involved in campaigning
for third-world debt relief and raising awareness
of the plight of Africa, including the AIDS pandemic.
In the past decade Bono has met with several influential
politicians, including United States President George
W. Bush and Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin. During
a March 2002 visit to the White House, after President
Bush unveiled a $5 billion aid package, he accompanied
the President for a speech on the White House lawn.
He stated, "This is an important first step,
and a serious and impressive new level of commitment.
... This must happen urgently, because this is a crisis."
In May of that year, Bono took US Treasury Secretary
Paul H. O'Neill on a four-country tour of Africa.
In contrast, in 2005 Bono spoke on CBC Radio, alleging
Prime Minister Martin was being slow about increasing
Canada's foreign aid.
Bono
spoke in advance of President Bush at the 54th Annual
National Prayer Breakfast, held at the Hilton Washington
Hotel on 2 February 2006. In a speech peppered with
biblical references, Bono encouraged the care of the
socially and economically depressed. His comments
included a call for an extra 1 percent tithe of the
United States' national budget. He brought his Christian
views into harmony with other faiths by noting that
Christian, Jewish, and Muslim writings all call for
the care of the widow, orphan, and stranger. President
Bush received praise from the singer-activist for
the United States' increase in aid for the African
continent. Bono continued by saying much work is left
to be done to be a part of God's ongoing purposes.
The
organization DATA (Debt, AIDS, Trade, Africa) was
established in 2002 by Bono and Bobby Shriver, along
with activists from the Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt
Campaign. It is DATA's mission to eradicate poverty
and HIV/AIDS in Africa. DATA encourages Americans
to contact senators and other legislators and elected
officials to voice their opinions.
In
early 2005, Bono, his wife Ali Hewson, and New York-based
Irish fashion designer Rogan Gregory launched the
socially-conscious line EDUN in an attempt to shift
the focus in Africa from aid to trade. EDUN's goal
is to use factories in Africa, South America, and
India that provide fair wages to workers and practice
good business ethics to create a business model that
will encourage investment in developing nations.
This
work has not been without criticism. On 15 December
2005 Paul Theroux published an op-ed in the New York
Times called The Rock Star's Burden (cf. Kipling's
The White Man's Burden) criticizing such stars as
Bono, Brad Pitt, and Angelina Jolie as "mythomaniacs,
people who wish to convince the world of their worth."
Theroux, who lived in Africa as a Peace Corps Volunteer,
added that "the impression that Africa is fatally
troubled and can be saved only by outside help —
not to mention celebrities and charity concerts —
is a destructive and misleading conceit." Bono
responded to his critics in Times Online on February
19, 2006, calling them "cranks carping from the
sidelines. A lot of them wouldn’t know what
to do if they were on the field. They’re the
party who will always be in opposition so they’ll
never have to take responsibility for decisions because
they know they’ll never be able to implement
them. "
Bono
was a special guest editor of the July 2007 issue
of Vanity Fair magazine. The issue was named "The
Africa Issue: Politics & Power" and featured
an assortment of 20 different covers, with photographs
by Annie Leibovitz, taken of a number of prominent
celebrities, political leaders, and philanthropists,
each one showcased in the issue for their contributions
to the humanitarian relief in Africa.
Further
criticism came in November 2007, when Bono's various
charity campaigns were targeted by Jobs Selasie, head
of African Aid Action. Selasie claimed that these
charities had increased corruption and dependency
in Africa because they failed to work with African
entrepreneurs and grassroots organizations, and as
a result, Africa has become more dependent on international
handouts.] That same month, however, Bono was honoured
by NBC Nightly News as someone "making a difference"
in the world. He and anchor Brian Williams had traveled
to Africa in May 2007 to showcase the humanitarian
crisis on the continent.
Product
Red is another initiative begun by Bono and Bobby
Shriver to raise money for the Global Fund to Fight
AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. Bobby Shriver has
been announced as the CEO of Product Red, whilst Bono
is currently an active public spokesperson for the
brand. Product Red is a brand that is licensed to
partner companies, such as American Express, Apple,
Converse, Motorola, Microsoft, Dell, The Gap, and
Giorgio Armani. Each company creates a product with
the Product Red logo and a percentage of the profits
from the sale of these labelled products will go to
the Global Fund.
Recognition
Bono
is the only person to have been nominated for an Academy
Award, Golden Globe, Grammy, and Nobel Peace Prize.
Bono was a nominee for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2003,
2005, and 2006.
In
2002, he was listed as one of the 100 Greatest Britons
in a poll conducted among the general public., despite
the fact that he is Irish.
In
2004, Bono was awarded the Pablo Neruda International
Presidential Medal of Honour from the Government of
Chile.
Time
Magazine named Bono one of the "100 Most Influential
People" in its May 2004 special issue, and again
in the 2006 Time 100 special issue. In 2005, Time
named Bono a Person of the Year along with Bill and
Melinda Gates.
Also
in 2005, he received the Portuguese Order of Liberty
for his humanitarian work. That year Bono was also
among the first three recipients of the TED Prize,
which grants each winner "A wish to change the
world". Bono made three wishes, the first two
related to the ONE campaign and the third that every
hospital, health clinic and school in Ethiopia should
be connected to the Internet. TED rejected the third
wish as being a sub-optimal way for TED to help Africa
and instead organized a TED conference in Arusha,
Tanzania. Bono attended the conference, which was
held in June 2007, and attracted headlines with his
foul-mouthed heckling of a speech by Andrew Mwenda.
In
2007, Bono was named in the United Kingdom's New Years
Honours List as an honorary Knight Commander of the
Order of the British Empire. He was formally granted
knighthood on 29 March 2007 in a ceremony at the residence
of British Ambassador David Reddaway in Dublin, Ireland.
Bono
also received the NAACP Image Award's Chairman's Award
in 2007. On 24 May 2007, the National Constitution
Center in Philadelphia announced that Bono would receive
the Philadelphia Liberty Medal on September 27, 2007
for his work to end world poverty and hunger. On 28
September 2007, in accepting the Liberty Medal, Bono
said, "When you are trapped by poverty, you are
not free. When trade laws prevent you from selling
the food you grew, you are not free, ... When you
are a monk in Burma this very week, barred from entering
a temple because of your gospel of peace ... well,
then none of us are truly free." Bono donated
the $100,000 prize to the organization. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
accepted the award for the Washington-based Debt AIDS
Trade Africa.
* Nominated for the "Greatest Artist of the Modern
Era" award by a group of his peers. He was recognized
for his work with Band Aid, Live Aid, The KillJoy
Papers for Change, and Project Red. (Credit:
Wikipedia).
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